Antihelminthic action of the Anethum graveolens essential oil on Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae / Ação anti-helmítica do óleo essencial de Anethum graveolens sobre ovos e larvas de Haemonchus contortus

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematodes are responsible for great economic losses in sheep raising, and their control has long been carried out almost exclusively by the administration of anthelmintics, which have led to serious resistance problems. In the search for alternative control measures, phytotherapic research is highlighted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of Anethum graveolens (dill) essential oil on different stages of Haemonchus contortus life cycle, as well its cytotoxicity MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells. H. contortus larvae and eggs were obtained from infected sheep feces, and essential oil extracted from plant seeds through the Clevenger apparatus. 9.4, 4.7, 2.35, 1.17. 0.58 and 0.29 mg/mL concentrations were evaluated. The Egg Hatch Inhibition (HI), Larval Development Inhibition (LDI) and Larval Migration Inhibition (LMI) techniques were used. Thybendazole 0.025 mg/mL in HI and Levamisole 0.02 mg/mL in the LDI and LMI tests were used as positive controls, while distilled water and a Tween 80 solution were used as positive negative controls. The inhibition results obtained for the highest oil concentration were: HI 100%, LDI 98.58% and LMI 63.7%, differing (�� <0.05) from negative controls. Main A. graveolens oil components present in 95.93% of the total oil were Dihydrocarvone (39.1%), Carvone (22.24%), D-Limonene (16.84%), Apiol (10.49%) and Trans-dihydrocarvone (7.26%). Minimum A. graveolens essential oil concentrations required to inhibit 50% (IC50) of egg hatching, larval development and larval migration were 0.006 mg/mL, 2.536 mg/mL and 3.963 mg/mL, respectively. Cell viability in MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells, when incubated with A. graveolens essential oil, was 86% for the highest (9.4 mg/mL) and 99% for the lowest concentration (0.29 mg/mL). A. graveolens essential oil, according to the results obtained in this study, is a promising alternative in sheep gastrointestinal nematode control.

Resumo Os nematoides gastrintestinais são responsáveis ​​por grandes perdas econômicas na ovinocultura, e seu controle tem sido realizado quase exclusivamente pela administração de anti-helmínticos, que levaram a sérios problemas de resistência. Na busca de medidas alternativas de controle, destaca-se a pesquisa fitoterápica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do óleo essencial de Anethum graveolens (endro) em diferentes estágios de Haemonchus contortus, bem como testar a viabilidade celular para o óleo. Larvas e ovos de H. contortus foram obtidos de fezes de ovinos infectados e óleo essencial extraído de sementes de plantas através do aparelho de Clevenger. As concentrações avaliadas foram 9,4, 4,7, 2,35, 1,17, 0,58 e 0,29 mg/mL. Verificou-se a Inibição de eclosão dos ovos (IE), Inibição de Desenvolvimento Larval (IDL) e Inibição de Migração Larval (IML). Tiabendazol 0,025 mg/mL em IE e Levamisole 0.02 mg/mL nos testes IDL e IML foram usados ​​como controles positivos, enquanto água destilada e uma solução Tween 80 foram usados como controles negativos. Os resultados de inibição obtidos para a maior concentração de óleo foram: IE 100%, IDL 98,58% e IML 63,7%, diferindo (�� <0,05) dos controles negativos. Os principais componentes presentes em 95,93% do óleo total de A. graveolens foram Di-hidrocarvona (39,1%), Carvona (22,24%), D-Limoneno (16,84%), Apiol (10,49%) e Trans-di-hidrocarvona (7,26%). As concentrações mínimas de óleo essencial de A. graveolens necessárias para inibir 50% (IC50) de eclosão dos ovos, desenvolvimento larval e migração larval foram de 0,006 mg/mL, 2,536 mg/mL e 3,963 mg/mL, respectivamente. A viabilidade celular nas células MDBK (rim bovino Madin-Darby), quando incubadas com o óleo essencial de A. graveolens, foi de 86% para a maior (9,4 mg/mL) e 99% para a menor concentração (0,29 mg/mL). O óleo essencial de A. graveolens mostrou ser uma alternativa promissora no controle de nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos.

Trombosis venosa profunda y agenesia de vena cava inferior: presentación típica en una anomalía poco frecuente. Caso clínico

Abnormalities of the inferior vena cava are rare. Its embryological development occurs between the sixth and eighth week of gestation and depends on the persistence or regression of three pairs of veins: the posterior cardinal veins, the subcardinal veins and the supracardinal veins. The type of congenital alteration depends on the moment that embryogenesis is altered. The most frequent clinical presentation is deep vein thrombosis, which occurs mainly in young men. We report a 16-year-old male presenting with edema of the left leg. No risk factor for thrombosis was recorded. A Doppler ultrasound confirmed the presence of a deep femoro-popliteal vein thrombosis. An abdominal CAT scan showed an agenesis of the supra and infra-adrenal inferior vena cava, with multiple collaterals. The study for thrombophilia was negative. The patient was treated with vitamin K antagonists with a good clinical response.

Molecular detection of Babesia canis vogeli and Hepatozoon canis in dogs in the department of Magdalena (Colombia) / Detección molecular de Babesia canis vogeli y Hepatozoon canis en perros en el departamento del Magdalena (Colombia)

ABSTRACT The canine population in the cities of Ciénaga and Santa Marta has been estimated at 54,953 based on individual dogs with owners. Due to the role that dogs play in society, either as pets or as transmitters of zoonoses to humans, we conducted a study with 169 blood samples from dogs that visited two veterinary clinics in these locations between March and September of 2017. The objective of the study was to detect species of Babesia and Hepatozoon canis by amplifying the 18S gene using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCRc). The presence of Babesia sp. and Hepatozoon canis was detected in 15 (8.87%) and 12 (7.10%) DNA samples, respectively. In addition, 7 (4.14%) cases of coinfection were recorded. The Babesia sp. sequences obtained corresponded to the B. canis vogeli subspecies. This both pathogens in the Colombian Caribbean region and cases of coinfection in Colombian dogs. Therefore, the national veterinary community is encouraged to consider the information presented here in their differential diagnoses associated with companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs). This information will allow veterinary professionals to create control and prevention strategies to prevent the spread of these infections.

RESUMEN La población canina en las ciudades de Ciénaga y Santa Marta se ha estimado en 54.953 individuos con propietarios. Debido al rol que desempeñan los perros en la sociedad, ya sea como animales de compañía o como transmisores de zoonosis al humano, se realizó un estudio con 169 muestras sanguíneas de perros que visitaron dos clínicas veterinarias en estas localidades entre marzo y septiembre del año 2017. El objetivo del estudió consistió en detectar especies de Babesia y Hepatozoon canis amplificando el gen 18S mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional (PCR-c). La presencia de Babesia sp. y Hepatozoon canis se detectó en 15 (8,87%) y 12 (7,10%) muestras de ADN, respectivamente. Además, se registraron 7 (4,14%) casos de coinfección. Las secuencias obtenidas de Babesia sp. correspondieron a la subespecie B. canis vogeli. Se presentan ambos patógenos para la región Caribe colombiana y casos de coinfección en perros de Colombia. Por lo tanto, se exhorta a la comunidad veterinaria nacional a considerar la información presentada en sus diagnósticos diferenciales asociados a las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores de compañía (CVBDs). Esta información permitirá a los profesionales veterinarios crear estrategias de control y prevención para mitigar la propagación de estas infecciones.

Avaliação da produção lacrimal, pressão intraocular, retinografia e biometria ocular em bovinos das raças Nelore e Gir hígidos / Evaluation of tear production, intraocular pressure, retinography and ocular biometry in bovine Nelore and Gir breeds

No presente estudo, foram avaliados parâmetros oftalmológicos de 38 bovinos das raças Nelore (n= 19; grupo GN) e Gir (n= 19; grupo GG), machos, com idade média de 15 meses. Os exames oftalmológicos realizados foram teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 (TLS-1), tonometria de aplanação, retinografia e biometria por ultrassonografia em modo B. Os resultados do TLS-1, tonometria de aplanação e biometria ocular foram avaliados por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA), e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Para o exame de retinografia, foi realizada a análise descritiva das estruturas anatômicas. O TLS-1 e a tonometria não diferiram (P≥0,05) nas comparações entre os olhos e entre os grupos raciais. A retinografia permitiu a visualização do disco óptico, dos vasos retinianos, do fundo tapetal e não tapetal, sem constatação de diferenças anatômicas entre as raças. Por meio da biometria ocular, foram observados valores maiores nos animais da raça Gir para as medidas do comprimento axial (CAx), da espessura da lente (EL) e da profundidade da câmara vítrea (CV), em ambos os eixos, horizontal (CAH) e vertical (CAV). Os exames oftalmológicos realizados podem ser executados a campo sem comprometer o bem-estar dos animais. Somente na ultrassonografia em modo B foram identificadas diferenças entre os bovinos das raças Nelore e Gir.(AU)

The ophthalmological parameters were evaluated of 38 male Nelore bovine (n= 19, GN group) and Gir (n= 19, GG group), with 15 months age. The ophthalmological examinations by Schirmer 1 (TLS-1), aplanation tonometry, retinography and B-mode ultrasonography were done. The results of the TLS-1, aplanation tonometry and ocular biometry were evaluated by analysis of variance and means compared by the Tukey test. A descriptive analysis of the anatomical structures was performed for the retinography examination. TLS-1 and tonometry did not differ (P≥ 0.05) in the comparisons between the eyes and between the groups. Retinography allowed the visualization of the optic disc, retinal vessels, tapetal and non-tapetal fundus, without any anatomical differences between the breed. In the ocular biometry, higher values were observed in Gir animals for measurements of axial length (CAx), lens thickness (EL) and depth of the vitreous chamber (CV), both horizontal (CAH) and vertical (CAV) imaging planes. Ophthalmologic examinations can be performed on the field without compromising animal welfare. Differences between Nelore and Gir bovines were identified only by B-mode ultrasonography.(AU)

Factores pronósticos de morbimortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes egresados con infarto agudo al miocardio seguidos por un año / Prognostic factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction followed for one year

Acute myocardial infarction is one of the main causes of death in the world, this occurs in the in-hospital period as well as in the follow-up. It has been much studied what occurs in the in-hospital period, but much less what occurs in the follow-up of patients with this pathology. The objective of this study was to follow patients discharged after myocardial infarction for 1 year and analyze predictors of cardiovascular events. 1174 patients were followed for 1 year, of which 17% presented some serious cardiovascular event, associated with the presence of male sex, older age, arterial hypertension, previous history of angina, hospital treatment only pharmacological, inclusion of positive inotropes in the initial treatment and use of calcium channel blockers, factors already shown by international literature but less analyzed in our country, and furthermore, the demonstration that invasive management with coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery are protective factors of the occurrence of events in this period, which reinforces the idea of a more intensive and invasive management in patients with this pathology. (AU)

Perfil clínico funcional de pacientes con artritis reumatoide derivados a Fisiatría en control en Centro Reumatólogico Avanzado (CREA) del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Functional clinical profile of patients with Rheumatoid arthritis derived to Physiatry in control at Centro Reumatólogico Avanzado (CREA) of Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints causing varying degrees of disability. Non-pharmacological management is increasing evidence of its usefulness impacting functionality. Objectives: To characterize the clinical / functional profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis derived physiatrist assessment in the Clinical Hospital University of Chile. Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of patients with RA derivatives Physical Medicine, extraction demographics, medical history, physical examination and functionality. Statisticians analysis of central tendency, dispersion, absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 85 medical records were analyzed. 88.2% were women with an average age of 54.05 ± 11.42 years. 38.8% have at least one comorbidity. 34.1% of patients takes between 6 and 15 years of disease. The average drug related AR is 5.6 per patient, being more Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) found. 35.2% presented falls in the past year. Pain is a symptom found in the history and physical examination with a VAE (venous air embolism) 4.4 ± 2.43 at the time of consultation and 6.7 ± 3.3 in crisis. 20% received kinesic therapy and only 7% occupational therapy. 45.3% of patients having a value of HAQ (health assesment questionnaire) who scored as moderate disability, even if their selfperception of independence reaches 65.9%. Conclusion: The analysis allows us to perform a demographic, clinical and functional profile that allows us to guide rehabilitation actions. (AU)

Caracterización del perfil clínico y funcional de pacientes con lesión medular en rehabilitación intrahospitalaria / Characterization of the clinical profile and function of patients with spinal cord injury in in-hospital rehabilitation

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a pathology that generates great personal, family, economic and social impact. There are two main etiologies that are traumatic (T-SCI) and non-traumatic (NTSCI). These patients receive their rehabilitation in specialized hospital services in the acute and sub-acute phase. A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was designed, reviewing the clinical records of patients diagnosed with SCI at discharge, hospitalized in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile. The general profile of admission of patients with SCI was a young men with NT- SCI, with higher education, paid work and incomplete injury (ASIA B, C, D). An improvement was observed for all patients for the severity of the injury, neurological level, motor level, sensory level and functionality. This is the first study conducted nationwide that provides epidemiological data and functional evolution of patients with SCI and are comparable to those found in the international literature. (AU)

Características de la población y las atenciones de rehabilitación que recibe en un hospital general / Referral to rehabilitation services of patients discharged from a general hospital with a potentially disabling condition

Background Patients discharged from general hospitals with a potentially disabling condition can benefit in their recovery with the aid of physical medicine and rehabilitation services. Aim To determine the proportion of patients discharged from a general hospital with a potentially disabling condition, who were derived to physiatry for rehabilitation. Material and Methods Review of the discharge database of a general hospital, identifying all discharges with a potentially disabling condition, and those who were effectively derived for rehabilitation. Results Only 7% of patients with a potentially disabling condition were effectively evaluated by Physiatry. Among these patients, 20% had neurological diseases and 19% had an amputation. Those attended by physiatry had a higher proportion of multidisciplinary care by the rehabilitation team. Conclusions A low proportion of patients discharged with a potentially disabling conditions are referred for an adequate rehabilitation therapy.

Physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of the desiccation tolerance in Anadenanthera colubrina seeds during germination / Aspectos fisiológicos, celulares e moleculares da tolerância à dessecação em sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina durante a germinação

Abstract During germination, orthodox seeds become gradually intolerant to desiccation, and for this reason, they are a good model for recalcitrance studies. In the present work, physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural aspects of the desiccation tolerance were characterized during the germination process of Anadenanthera colubrina seeds. The seeds were imbibed during zero (control), 2, 8, 12 (no germinated seeds), and 18 hours (germinated seeds with 1 mm protruded radicle); then they were dried for 72 hours, rehydrated and evaluated for survivorship. Along the imbibition, cytometric and ultrastructural analysis were performed, besides the extraction of the heat-stable proteins. Posteriorly to imbibition and drying, the evaluation of ultrastructural damages was performed. Desiccation tolerance was fully lost after root protrusion. There was no increase in 4C DNA content after the loss of desiccation tolerance. Ultrastructural characteristics of cells from 1mm roots resembled those found in the recalcitrant seeds, in both hydrated and dehydrated states. The loss of desiccation tolerance coincided with the reduction of heat-stable proteins.

Resumo Durante a germinação, sementes ortodoxas tornam-se gradualmente intolerantes à dessecação, e por isso podem ser utilizadas como modelo para o estudo da recalcitrância. No presente trabalho realizou-se uma caracterização dos aspectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e ultraestruturais da perda da tolerância à dessecação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina em processo germinativo. Para isso as sementes foram embebidas durante 0 (controle), 2,8,12 e aproximadamente 18 horas (sementes germinadas com 1 mm de radícula), secas por 72 horas, reidratadas e a sobrevivência avaliada. Ao longo da embebição foram realizadas análises citométricas, ultraestruturais e extração de proteínas resistentes ao calor e após embebição e secagem foram avaliados danos ultraestruturais. A tolerância à dessecação foi totalmente perdida após a protrusão radicular. Não houve aumento do conteúdo de DNA 4C quando a tolerância à dessecação foi perdida. Características ultraestruturais de células de radículas de 1 mm assemelharam-se às encontradas em sementes recalcitrantes tanto no estado hidratado quanto desidratado. A perda da tolerância à dessecação coincidiu com a redução do conteúdo de proteínas resistentes ao calor.

Técnicas obliterativas en el tratamiento quirúrgico del prolapso genital femenino: experiencia en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Oriente, Santiago-Chile / Obliterative techniques in the surgical treatment of female genital prolapse: experience in the Metropolitan Health Service Oriente, Santiago-Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El prolapso genital afecta hasta al 50% de las mujeres a nivel mundial, su calidad de vida, percepción corporal y vida sexual. A las pacientes de edad avanzada frecuentemente les ofrecemos técnicas quirúrgicas obliterativas para su manejo. El objetivo fue evaluar los resultados de las técnicas obliterativas basados en nuestra experiencia local. MÉTODOS: análisis retrospectivo de pacientes tratadas con técnicas obliterativas en nuestro hospital entre los años 2008 y 2016. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 78 pacientes, la edad promedio fue de 74.5 años, 11.5% de las pacientes presentaba comorbilidad de mayor riesgo quirúrgico, 24% eran pacientes histerectomizadas por prolapso y 30.8% presentaba incontinencia de orina al momento de la cirugía. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue 52 minutos, 73.1% de las cirugías fueron con técnica de LeFort y 5.1% presentó complicaciones postquirúrgicas precoces. Se contactaron telefónicamente 59 pacientes, 90% refirió mejor calidad de vida, 92% satisfacción con la cirugía, 3.4% recidiva del prolapso y 44% incontinencia urinaria, en su mayoría moderada o severa. La recidiva reportada estuvo acorde a lo reportado en la literatura, pero la incontinencia de orina reportada fue muy alta respecto a lo reportado y de predominio de urgencias. CONCLUSIÓN: las técnicas obliterativas son efectivas en el tratamiento quirúrgico del prolapso y el principal problema postquirúrgico a largo plazo asociado fue la incontinencia de orina de urgencias.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Genital prolapse affects up to 50% of women worldwide, their quality of life, body perception and sex life. For older patients, we often offer obliterative surgical techniques to manage it. The objective was to evaluate the results of the obliterative techniques based on our local experience. METHODS: retrospective analysis of patients treated with obliterative techniques in our hospital between 2008 y 2016. RESULTS: 78 patients were included, with an average age of 74.5 years, 11.5% of the patients had comorbidities of high surgical risk, 24% were previously hysterectomized because of genital prolapse and 30.8% had urinary incontinence at the time of the surgery. Average surgical time was 52 minutes, 73.1% of the surgeries were performed with the LeFort technique and 5.1% presented early postoperative complications. 59 patients were contacted by telephone, 90% reported better quality of life, 92% were satisfied with the surgery, 3.4% had recurrence of the prolapse and 44% reported urinary incontinence, mostly moderate or severe. The reported relapse was in line with what was reported in the literature, but the reported urinary incontinence was very high compared to what was reported, and was predominantly urge incontinence. CONCLUSION: obliterative techniques are effective in the surgical treatment of genital prolapse and the main long term problem after surgery was urge incontinence.

Antihelminthic action of the Anethum graveolens essential oil on Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematodes are responsible for great economic losses in sheep raising, and their control has long been carried out almost exclusively by the administration of anthelmintics, which have led to serious resistance problems. In the search for alternative control measures, phytotherapic research is highlighted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of Anethum graveolens (dill) essential oil on different stages of Haemonchus contortus life cycle, as well its cytotoxicity MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells. H. contortus larvae and eggs were obtained from infected sheep feces, and essential oil extracted from plant seeds through the Clevenger apparatus. 9.4, 4.7, 2.35, 1.17. 0.58 and 0.29 mg/mL concentrations were evaluated. The Egg Hatch Inhibition (HI), Larval Development Inhibition (LDI) and Larval Migration Inhibition (LMI) techniques were used. Thybendazole 0.025 mg/mL in HI and Levamisole 0.02 mg/mL in the LDI and LMI tests were used as positive controls, while distilled water and a Tween 80 solution were used as positive negative controls. The inhibition results obtained for the highest oil concentration were: HI 100%, LDI 98.58% and LMI 63.7%, differing ( 0.05) from negative controls. Main A. graveolens oil components present in 95.93% of the total oil were Dihydrocarvone (39.1%), Carvone (22.24%), D-Limonene (16.84%), Apiol (10.49%) and Trans-dihydrocarvone (7.26%). Minimum A. graveolens essential oil concentrations required to inhibit 50% (IC50) of egg hatching, larval development and larval migration were 0.006 mg/mL, 2.536 mg/mL and 3.963 mg/mL, respectively. Cell viability in MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells, when incubated with A. graveolens essential oil, was 86% for the highest (9.4 mg/mL) and 99% for the lowest concentration (0.29 mg/mL). A. graveolens essential oil, according to the results obtained in this study, is a promising alternative in sheep gastrointestinal nematode control.

Resumo Os nematoides gastrintestinais são responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas na ovinocultura, e seu controle tem sido realizado quase exclusivamente pela administração de anti-helmínticos, que levaram a sérios problemas de resistência. Na busca de medidas alternativas de controle, destaca-se a pesquisa fitoterápica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do óleo essencial de Anethum graveolens (endro) em diferentes estágios de Haemonchus contortus, bem como testar a viabilidade celular para o óleo. Larvas e ovos de H. contortus foram obtidos de fezes de ovinos infectados e óleo essencial extraído de sementes de plantas através do aparelho de Clevenger. As concentrações avaliadas foram 9,4, 4,7, 2,35, 1,17, 0,58 e 0,29 mg/mL. Verificou-se a Inibição de eclosão dos ovos (IE), Inibição de Desenvolvimento Larval (IDL) e Inibição de Migração Larval (IML). Tiabendazol 0,025 mg/mL em IE e Levamisole 0.02 mg/mL nos testes IDL e IML foram usados como controles positivos, enquanto água destilada e uma solução Tween 80 foram usados como controles negativos. Os resultados de inibição obtidos para a maior concentração de óleo foram: IE 100%, IDL 98,58% e IML 63,7%, diferindo ( 0,05) dos controles negativos. Os principais componentes presentes em 95,93% do óleo total de A. graveolens foram Di-hidrocarvona (39,1%), Carvona (22,24%), D-Limoneno (16,84%), Apiol (10,49%) e Trans-di-hidrocarvona (7,26%). As concentrações mínimas de óleo essencial de A. graveolens necessárias para inibir 50% (IC50) de eclosão dos ovos, desenvolvimento larval e migração larval foram de 0,006 mg/mL, 2,536 mg/mL e 3,963 mg/mL, respectivamente. A viabilidade celular nas células MDBK (rim bovino Madin-Darby), quando incubadas com o óleo essencial de A. graveolens, foi de 86% para a maior (9,4 mg/mL) e 99% para a menor concentração (0,29 mg/mL). O óleo essencial de A. graveolens mostrou ser uma alternativa promissora no controle de nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos.

Microbioma humano y microbioma oral. Una revisión / Human and oral microbiome. A review

EL microbioma humano es definido como el genoma colectivo de una población compuesta por bacterias, hongos, virus y protozoos que residen en los diferentes nichos ecológicos del cuerpo humano. El microbioma contribuye a mantener las funciones metabólica, proteger el cuerpo contra los patógenos, es esencial para el desarrollo de la inmunidad y de la nutrición. Muchas enfermedades pueden ser explicadas debido a la alteración en el equilibrio del microbioma. (AU)

The human microbiome is defined as the colective genomes of the microbes composed of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that residen in the human body. These microbes have the potential to impact the physiology, both in health and desease. Microbiome contribute methabolic functions, protect tha body against pathogens, is essential for development of inmunity and nutrition. Many deseases may possibly be explained by alterations in the microbiome. (AU)

Autoconfianza de los estudiantes de medicina en su interpretación correcta de un electrocardiograma / Self-confidence of medical students in their correct interpretation of an electrocardiogram

Myocardial infarction is a highly prevalent condition. Its early recognition could have a high impact on prognosis. A quick and accurate interpretation of the electrocardiogram (EKG) is crucial to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic processes. Nevertheless, medical literature shows lack of competencies for autonomous and reliable EKG interpretation on both medical students and general practitioners, in many countries. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of self-confidence that medical students from the University of Chile have in their own skills to interpreter EKG rapidly and correctly. With that purpose, an online survey was designed and applied to all medical students from third to 7th year (final). resUlts:From a total of 1.000 surveys sent, only 206 were completely answered and returned. 77.2 percent of these students show very limited self-confidence in their own skills and competences to reliably interpret an EKG without anybody else’s help. On the other hand, only 20.9percent of them declare to have a high level of self-confidence in this area. We did not find statistically significant differences associated with: gender, educational level, previous academic performance, or campus. conclusions: Most of our medical students have a low self-confidence level regarding their own capabilities for correctly and quickly “read” an EKG. These findings suggest the need for redesigning the educational strategies currently being used for this purpose, in the undergraduate Cardiology Program, incorporating new teaching methodologies to achieve the desirable competences needed for correct EKGs’ reading.

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de Eugenia anomala e Psidium salutare (Myrtaceae) frente à Escherichia coli e Listeria monocytogenes / Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of extracts of Eugenia anomala and Psidium salutare (Myrtaceae) against the Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes

RESUMO As doenças transmitidas por alimentos ocorrem principalmente devido à ingestão de alimentos contaminados por microrganismos patogênicos, dentre eles a Escherichia coli e Listeria monocytogenes. Uma das alternativas estudadas para minimizar a contaminação de alimentos é o emprego de plantas, ou seus extratos, como agentes antimicrobianos de origem natural em produtos alimentícios. Desta forma o objetivo do presente estudo é fornecer dados científicos a respeito de duas plantas nativas do RS ainda não estudadas, Eugenia anomala e Psidium salutare, visando potencial emprego como agente antimicrobiano natural em alimentos. Para tanto, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de E. anomala e P. salutare contra E. coli e L. monocytogenes através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, a capacidade antioxidante dos extratos por meio do método de redução do radical DPPH e a citotoxicidade in vitro empregando células CHO-K1. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os extratos de acetato de etila e etanólico de ambas as espécies possuem ação antioxidante muito alta, de 94,08% e 93,86%, respectivamente. Apenas o extrato hexânico de P. salutare apresentou ação antimicrobiana moderada (CIM = 312,5 µg/mL). Todos os extratos apresentaram ação citotóxica sendo que os maiores percentuais foram do extrato clorofórmico de E. anomala (77,05%) e hexânico de P. salutare (76,79%), na concentração de 100 µg/mL. Assim, o presente estudo demonstrou que as espécies vegetais estudadas apresentam potencial para emprego como agente antimicrobiano destes microrganismos.

ABSTRACT The foodborne diseases occur mainly due to the ingestion of food contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. One of the alternatives studied to minimize contamination of food is the use of plants or their extracts as antimicrobial agents naturally occurring in food products. The objective of this study is to provide scientific data on two native plants of RS have not studied Eugenia anomala and Psidium salutare for a potential use as a natural antimicrobial agent in food. To this end, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of extracts of E. anomala and P. salutare against E. coli and L. monocytogenes by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the broth microdilution method, the antioxidant capacity of the extract for means DPPH radical reduction method and in vitro cytotoxicity using CHO-K1 cells. The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of both species have very high antioxidant activity, of 94.08% and 93.86%, respectively. Only the hexane extract of P. salutare showed a moderate antimicrobial activity (MIC = 312.5 mg/mL). Moreover, all extracts showed cytotoxic action of which the highest percentages were the chloroform extract of E. anomala (77.05%) and hexane P. salutare (76.79%) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. Thus, the present study showed that plant species have potential for use as an antimicrobial agent against these microorganisms.

RECOMENDACIÓN DE NIVELES DE LISINA DIGESTIBLE PARA CODORNICES JAPONESAS EN PERIODO DE POSTURA / DIGESTIBLE LYS INE LEVELS FOR JAPANESE QUAIL IN LAYING PHASE

Este trabajo fue realizado en la Universidad de los Llanos, con el objetivo de estimar el nivel de lisina digestible para máxima producción de huevos. Se utilizaron 240 codornices japónicas comerciales de 70 días de edad y 159 ± 9 g de peso corporal, distribuidas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos, seis repeticiones y 10 aves por repetición, durante 26 semanas. Las aves fueron alojadas en jaulas de alambre galvanizado proporcionando 0,016 m²/codorniz, cada jaula estaba dotada de comedero lineal, bebedero automático y bandejas para recolección de heces. Las dietas experimentales fueron granuladas, isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas con cuatro niveles de suplementación (0,00% tratamiento testigo, 0,153%, 0,306% y 0,459%) de L-lisina-HCl (78,5%) que resultó en dietas con 0,916%; 1,036%; 1,156% y 1,276% de lisina digestible. Los resultados fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y de regresión polinomial. Hubo efecto cuadrático (p < 0,01) sobre la producción de huevos (81,44%; 84,43%; 83,01%; 80,72%) y lineal (p < 0,01) sobre el consumo diario de lisina (229,2; 257,2; 285,1; 313,5 mg) de los niveles de lisina digestible. Para las variables peso del huevo (10,81; 10,46; 10,41 y 10,55 g), consumo diario de ración (25,01; 24,83; 24,71; 24,57 g), conversión alimenticia kg de ración/docenas de huevos (0,368; 0,353; 0,357; 0,365) y conversión alimenticia de kg de ración/kg de huevo (2,84; 2,81; 2,86; 2,89) no hubo efectos (p > 0,05) de los niveles de lisina. En conclusión, el requerimiento de lisina digestible que maximiza la producción de huevos en codornices japonesas se estimó en 1,079%, con raciones conteniendo 19,18% de proteína bruta.

This research was conducted at University of the Llanos, in order to estimate the level of digestible lysine for maximum egg production. 240 quail japonica commercial line of 70 days of age and 159 ± 9 g body weight, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments, six replicates and 10 birds per experimental unit, during 26 weeks were used. The birds were housed in cages of galvanized wire providing 0.016 m2 / quail; each cage was equipped with linear feeder, automatic drinking and trays to collect feces. The experimental diets were pelleted, isoproteic and isocaloric with four levels of supplementation (control treatment 0.00%, 0.153%, 0.306% and 0.459%) of L-lysine-HCl (78.5%) resulting in diets with 0.916%; 1.036%; 1.156% and 1.276% of digestible lysine. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial regression. There was quadratic effect (p < 0.01) of digestible lysine levels on egg production (81.44%, 84.43%, 83.01%; 80.72%) and linear (p < 0.01) on lysine daily intake (229.2; 257.2; 285.1; and 313.5 mg). For variables egg weight (10.81; 10.46; 10.41; and 10.55 g), daily intake (25.01; 24.83; 24.71 and 24.57 g), feed conversion kg of food/dozen eggs (0.368; 0.353; 0.357; 0.365) and feed conversion food kg/kg of egg mass (2.84; 2.81; 2.86 and 2.89) there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of digestible lysine levels in the diet. In conclusion, the requirement of digestible lysine to maximize egg production in Japanese quail is estimated at 1.079%, with diets containing 19.18% crude protein.

Aloe vera na criopreservação do sêmen de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) / Aloe vera in the cryopreservation of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) sperm

This study aimed to evaluate the extract of Aloe vera (AV) associated or not with 10% Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in cryopreservation of tambaqui semen. For the formation of the pools (n= 14), 30 males were hormonally induced twice. Each pool had the objective motility, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity and morphology analyzed before and after cryopreservation of semen. The means for cryopreservation were constituted of Powder Coconut Water-104 diluent added DMSO and/or AV (5 or 10%). After cryopreservation, motility, velocities and morphology were reduced significantly when compared to fresh semen. For sperm motility the best treatment was that using only DMSO (20,86±8,31) and DMSO + 5% AV (15.71±9.77). For the velocities, the worse treatment was DMSO+10% AV. Treatment with only the addition of DMSO had a significantly higher effect than others on percentage of morphologically normal sperm. The mean correlation found was between motilityand the rate of morphologically normal sperm (r = 0.687). In conclusion, the addition of AV does not provide greater protection for spermatozoa during cryopreservation.

Skin impression with acetate tape in Demodex canis and Scarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes diagnosis / Impressão cutânea com fita de acetato no diagnóstico de Demodex canis e Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes

This study compares the efficacy of skin impression with acetate tape and the deep skin scraping test to find D. canis and S. scabiei in dogs. During six months, 134 samples were collected by both techniques from 115 dogs treated at the dermatology service of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM). Of these patients, 27 had demodicosis and 12 had scabies. The impression with acetate tape test (ITT) was shown to be significantly superior to the deep skin scraping test (DSST) in finding D. canis and S. scabiei mites (p = 0.007). Based on our results we could conclude that acetate tape impression is a reliable method for diagnosing and monitoring therapy of dermatopathies caused by mites and can be used to replace the traditional deep skin scraping method. In addition, since it is less traumatic for the dog, this method shows more acceptance by the owner.

Este estudo compara a eficácia da impressão cutânea com fita de acetato ao raspado cutâneo profundo para a pesquisa de D. canis e S. scabiei. Em um período de seis meses, foram coletadas 134 amostras de cada uma das técnicas de um total de 115 cães atendidos na rotina dermatológica do Hospital Veterinário Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM). Desses pacientes, 27 cães apresentavam sarna demodécica e 12 cães, escabiose. A impressão cutânea com fita de acetato, quando comparada ao raspado cutâneo profundo, demonstrou ser significativamente superior na pesquisa dos ácaros D. canis e S. scabiei (p = 0,007). Conclui-se que o método da fita de acetato pode ser usado em substituição ao raspado profundo de pele para o diagnóstico e controle da terapia das enfermidades dermatológicas produzidas por ácaros. Além de ser um método sensível, ele é menos traumático para o animal, sendo, dessa forma, mais aceito pelo proprietário.

Episiotomía y disfunciones del piso pélvico femenino / Episiotomy and floor dysfunctions female pelvic

Pelvic floor dysfunctions are highly prevalent in our population significantly affecting the quality of life of women. Pregnancy and childbirth are well recognized risk factors. It has recently become clear that pelvic floor trauma encompass more than perineal trauma or “what one could see in the delivery room.” The levator ani muscle may be affected at birth with the loss of the integral structure of the pelvic floor support, secondarily triggering the descent of the pelvic organs. The overdistension of the urogenital hiatus and anal sphincter injuries can also be consequences of a vaginal birth. An episiotomy is an intervention that seeks to facilitate the expulsion of the fetus expanding the perineum preventing tissue distension and perineal tear. However, this claim raised by its developer has no scientific basis. Today the restrictive practice of this procedure is recommended, given the potential complications that may arise when it is systematically performe. Despite this recommendation, there are no conclusive studies that explore the role that episiotomy has in obstetric pelvic floor trauma...